The growth of a city’s “second ghetto” reveals that ghettoization is not purely natural. The chapter reviews the evolution of metropolitan areas, including the growth of the suburbs, pointing to the impact of such factors as: changes in transportation new communications technology, the rise of edge cities and edgeless development redlining racial steering blockbusting the home loan insurance programs of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Veterans’ Administration (VA) the federal tax code, federal highway and military spending fair housing laws the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) predatory lending practices home loan foreclosures right-to-work laws and the exclusionary zoning and land-use restrictions of local governments. The manipulations, discriminations, and the self-interested machinations of private institutions too greatly influence a community’s health. Governmental actions, especially a “hidden urban policy,” have had a great influence in shaping spatial patterns of growth and decline.
Patterns of local growth, decline, inequality, and segregation are not purely a natural result of free choice and the workings of a free market.
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